علل و عوامل افول آمریکا؛ بر مبنای الگوی تعامل چندجانبه پویا (به‌همراه پیشنهاد رویکردهای رسانه‌ای)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

کاندیدای دکتری علوم سیاسی، گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

تشدید تنش‌های سیاسی در ایالات‌متحده در دهه‌ ابتدایی قرن بیست‌و‌یکم و مواردی مانند ظهور ترامپ در سال 2016 و حمله‌ مرگبار 6 ژانویه 2021 به کاپیتول هیل، موجب طرح این مسئله شده است که ریشه‌ها و زمینه‌های سیاسی و اجتماعی خیابانی شدن سیاست و رادیکالیزه‌ شدن گروه‌های نخبگی و توده‌ای در جامعه‌ آمریکایی چیست؟ بر این اساس در این مقاله تلاش شده است با استفاده از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی به این پرسش اصلی پاسخ داده شود که منابع اصلی و کانونی افول آمریکا چیست و چگونه می‌توان آنها را تبیین کرد؟ این پرسش از طریق چارچوب نظری الگوی تعامل چندجانبه‌ پویا به بحث گذاشته شد تا مشخص شود در یک درهم‌کنش میان افول هنجارها و الگوهای رفتاری، زوال نهادهای سیاسی، پولی شدن سیاست، مؤلفه‌های اقتصادی و ستیزهای اجتماعی، فرآیند افول در آمریکا شکل گرفته است. درواقع این مؤلفه‌ها در این درهم‌کُنش، یکدیگر را تقویت و تکمیل می‌کنند و از تعامل پویای میان آنها، افول آمریکا ظهور می‌یابد. در چنین بستری امکان بازتنظیم دستورکارها و کارکردهای نظام سیاسی به امری دشوار تبدیل می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Decline of the United States, Causes and Factors: Presenting a Dynamic Multilateral Interaction Pattern (By Proposing Media Approaches)

نویسنده [English]

  • Hadi Khosroshahin
PhD candidate in political science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The escalation of political tensions in the United States in the early decade of the 21st century, and events such as the rise of Trump in 2016 and the deadly attack on Capitol Hill, January 6, 2021, have raised the issue that what are the political and social roots of street politics and the radicalization of elite and mass groups in American society? Accordingly, in this article seeks to answer the main question using descriptive-analytical method, what are the main and focal sources of the decline of the United States and how can they be explained? This question is discussed through the theoretical framework of the model of dynamic multilateral interaction to determine the process of decline in the United States in an interaction between the decline of norms and patterns of behavior, the decline of political institutions, the monetization of politics, economic components and social strife. In fact, these components reinforce and complement each other in this interaction, and from the dynamic interaction between them, the decline of the United States emerges. In such a context, the possibility of reorganizing the agendas and functions of the political system becomes difficult.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Decline of America
  • Dynamic Multilateral Interaction Patter
  • Polarizationt
  • IRIB World Service Media Approaches
Schattschneider, Elmer E Adamamy David (1975), “The Semisovereigm people”,Boston: Boston cengage
Crenson, Mattew a (1975), “The Federal Machine: Beginning of Bureaucracy in Jacksonian America”, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
Fukuyama, Francis (2014), “America in Decay: The sources of Political Dysfunction”, Foreign Affairs, vol. 93, No.5 September/October PP 5/26
Fukuyama, Francis (2016), “American Political Decay Renewal? The meaning of the 2016 Election. Foreign Affairs, vol. 95, No.4 July/August
Fukuyama, Francis (2021), “Rotten to the Core?” Available at: http//www.foreingnaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2021-01-18/rotten-core
Fukuyama, Francis (2018), “Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of resentment”, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux
Fukuyama, Francis (2014), “Political Order & Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolutions to the Globalization of Democracy”, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux
Fukuyama, Francis (2011), “The Origins of Political Order: From Pre humankinds to the French Revolutions”, New York: Farrar, Straus & Grioux
Galston, William A (2010), “Can a Polarized American Party System B “healthy” Washington DC: Brookings Institution
Hacker, Jacob s, Pearson and Paul (2011), “Win-take-our politics”, New York: Simon
and Schuster
Huntington, samuel P, (1968), “Political Order in Changing Societies”, New Haven: Yale University
Henretta,James A,(2006), ”America History To 1877” , Vol.1, New York:Bedford
Ingraham, Patricia w, Resn Bloom David (1990), “Political Foundation of the America Federal Service: Rebuilding a Crumbling Base, Public Administration Review 50”
Levitsky, Steven, Ziblatt, Daniel (2018), “How Democracy Die”, New York: Crown
Light, Paul (2008), “A Government Executed: The Decline of the Federal Service and How to Reserve it”, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Lipset, Seymour Martin (1996), “American Exceptionalism: A double-edged Sword”, New York: Norton
Migdal, Joe (1988), “Strong Societies and Weak States: State Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World”, Princeton: Princeton University Press
Mounk, Yascha (2018), “The People vs Democracy: Why Our Freedom Is in Danger and How to Save It?”, Cambridge: Harvard University Press
Muro Mark and others (2020), Biden Voting-Counties Equal seventy percent America’s Economy Available at: http//www.brookings.edu/blog/avenue-the-avenue/2020/11/09/Biden-voting-counties-equal-70-percent-america’s-economy-what-does-this-mean-for-the-nations-political-economic-devided/amp/
North, Douglass c Wallis, John & Barry r. Weingast (2009), “Violence and Social Orders: A conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History”, New York: Cambridge University Press
Riper, Paul P.van (1958), “History of the United State: Civil Service”, Evanston, IL:row-peterson
Sawhill, Izabel (2021), “How Biden Can Rebuild a Divided and Distrustful Nation (American must get to know one another again)”, Available at: http//www.foregnaffairs.com.artivle/how-biden-can-rebuild-devided-and-Distrustful-Nation
Sawhill, Izabel (2018), “The Forgotten Americans: An Economic Agenda for a Divided Nation”, New haven: Yale University Press.
Skowronek, Stephen (1982), “Building New America State: The expansion of National Administrative Capacities”, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Wilson, Woodrow (1887), “The Study of Administration”, Political Quarterly to, No.2, 197-222.