تبعیض نژادی در آمریکا در دوره ریاست جمهوری ترامپ؛ علل، زمینه‌ها و ارائه راهبردهای تبلیغی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار گروه علوم سیاسی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران

چکیده

مسئله تعارضات نژادی در امریکا پیشینه‌‌ی تاریخیِ طولانی دارد. هرچند این کشور از بدو تأسیس با این پدیده دست به گریبان بوده است، اما در سال‌های اخیر و به‌ویژه پس از حوادث شهر شارلوتزویل در آگوست 2017 و اظهارات و اقدامات ترامپ، این مسئله به‌صورت جدی‌تری حیات سیاسی امریکا را دستخوش چالش نموده است. از این رو، این مقاله با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی، این پرسش اصلی را مطرح می‌کند که چه علل و عواملی در تشدید تعارضات نژادی در امریکا از سال 2016 به بعد نقش داشته‌اند و چگونه می‌توان آن‌ها را تبیین کرد؟ برخی از علل تشدید این تعارضات، ریشه در مسایل و مشکلات ساختاری دارد که در نظام آموزشی، قضایی، سیاسی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی امریکا نهفته است و از بدو تأسیس این کشور وجود داشته و کماکان نیز تداوم دارد. بخش مهم دیگر نیز به ویژگی‌ها و شخصیت ترامپ، افکار و اقدامات وی، آرای سفیدپوستان و همچنین حمایت گروه‌های راست افراطی از وی، مربوط می‌شود. این پدیده می‌تواند در دو بعد داخلی و بین‌المللی پیامدهای مهمی از تشدید فضای دو قطبی تا افزایش شکاف‌های ساختاری، جنسیتی و طبقاتی گرفته تا افول قدرت نرم و جایگاه امریکا در نظام بین‌الملل را به همراه داشته باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Racial Discrimination in the United States During the Trump Presidency; Causes, Backgrounds and Providing Media Strategies

نویسنده [English]

  • Majid Rouhi Dehboneh
Assistant Professor of Political Science, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The issue of racial strife in America has a long, historical background. Although US have been struggling with this phenomenon since its inception, it has seriously challenged American political life in recent months and days, especially after the events in Charlottesville and Trump's rhetoric and actions. Therefore, this paper with a descriptive-analytical approach raises the key question that what causes and factors have contributed to the escalation of racial strife in America since 2016 and how can it be explained? Some of the causes of the escalation of these conflicts are rooted in structural problems that lie within the educational, judicial, political, economic, and social structures of the United States and it has existed since its inception and has continued. Another important part is related to Trump's character and personality, his thoughts and actions, his views of white people, as well as his support of far-right groups. This phenomenon can have important repercussions in both domestic and international dimensions, from the intensification of bipolar space to the widening structural, gender, class divisions, to the decline of soft power and America's place in the international system.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Racism in USA
  • Trump and Trumpism
  • Liberal Democracy
  • Media Strategies
بشیریه، حسین (1389)، جامعه‌شناسی سیاسی، تهران: نشر نی.
 سمیعی‌اصفهانی، علیرضا؛ امران، کیانی، و علی محمدی (1396)، «رویکردی جامعه‌شناختی به جنبش اجتماعی سیاهان در امریکا (تحلیل ریشه‌ها، روندها و پیامدها)»، فصلنامه جامعه‌شناسی کاربردی، سال بیست و هشتم، شماره پیاپی (66)، شماره دوم، تابستان.
کوینس، آنایل (1395)، «170 سال تنش از لینکلن تا ترامپ»، (ترجمه وصال روحانی)، قابل دسترسی در:
http://www.ion.ir/News/144816.html
گیدنز، آنتونی (1373)، جامعه‌شناسی، (ترجمه منوچهر صبوری)، تهران: نشر نی.
هاوتن، دیوید پاتریک (1396)، روان‌شناسی سیاسی: موقعیت‌ها، افراد و مصادیق، (ترجمه علی‌اشرف نظری و شهرزاد مفتوح)، تهران: نشر قومس.
 
Alston, Philip (2017), “United Nations Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Kights”, Washington, December 5, Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22533
Anti-Defamation League (2018), “Murder and Extremism in the United States in 2018”, (New York, NY: 2019), Available at https://www.adl.org/media/12480/download
Balko, Radley (2013), “Rise of the Warrior Cop, the Militarization of Americass Police Forces, Public Affairs, New York, Available at:
 http://www.amazon.com/rise-warrior-cop-militarization-americas/dp/16103945
Balko, Radley (2018), "There is Overwhelming Evidence That The Criminal Justice System is Racist", Available at: Post.com/news/opinion/wp/2018/09/18,
BBC (2018), “Fukuyama on Populism in Liberal Democracies”, Available at: https://bbc.co.uk/programm/w172w7207rx1021, Oct 27, 2018
Ballard, Jamie (2019), 75% of Black Americans Say Racism in the U.S Has Gotten Worse Under Trump, today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-report/2019/02/19
Bobo, Lawrence (1983), “Whites Opposition to Busing: Symbolic Rascim or Realistic Group Conflict?”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(6), Pp1196-1210.
Bobo, Lawrence D. (2017), “Racism in Trumps America: Reflections on Culture, sociology and the 2016 U.S Presidental Election”, The British Journal of Sociology, Volume 68, Issue II.
Census (2019), Available at:
https://www.census.gov/library/publication/2019/demo/p60-266html.
Clark, Simon (2019), “Confronting the Domestic Right-Wing Terrorist Threat”, Center for American Progress, Available at:
americanprogress.org/issues/security/reports/2019/03/07/467022
Deudeny, Daniel and Ikenberry G. John (2018), “Liberal Order, The Resilint Order”, www.foreignaffairs.com/article/world/order/2018-06-14
The Economist (2017), “Donald Trump Has no Grasp of What It Means To Be President”, Available at: www.economist.com/2017/08/19
Feagin, Joe R (2001), “Racist America, Roots, Current Realities, and Future, Reparations”, Social Science, Routledge A Member of the Taylor & Franci.
Fessler, Pam (2019), “U.S. Census Bureau Reports Poverty Rate Down, But Millions Still Poor”, Available at: npr.org/2019/09/10/759512938/ U.S.- Census- Bureau- Reports- Poverty- Rate –Down-, But- Millions- Still- Poor
Frum, David (2018), Trumpocracy: The Corruption of the American Republic, An Imprint of Harper Collins Publishers.
Giroux, Henry A. (2017), “White Nationalism, Armed Culture and State Violence in the Age of Donald Trump”, Philosophy & Social Criticism.
Goodman, Laurie, Zhu, Jun and Rolf Pendall (2017), "Are Gains in Black”, Homeownership History": https://www.urban.org/february 14
Hanks, Angela, Solomon, Danyelle & Christian E. Weller (2018), “Systematic Inequality, How Americas Structural Racism Helped Create the Black-White Wealth Gap?”, February 2018, Center for American Progress
Hayes, Christal (2018), “Have are 10 Times President Trumps Comments Have Been Called Racist”, Available at: https://www.ustoday.com/2018/08/14
Hayoun, M. (2014), “Ferguson Prompts Activists to Rethink Black Power Movement in America Civil Society”, Available at: http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/8/14/ferguson-brown-protest0.html
Hirsh, Michael (2019), “Its Trumps Fourth of July Now”, Available at: Foreign Policy.com/2019/07/17
Heim, Joe, Ellie Silverman, T. Rees Shapiro and Emma Brown (August 13, 2017), "One dead as car strikes crowds amid protests of white nationalist gathering in charlottesville; two police die in helicopter crash", Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/fights-in-advance-of-saturday-protest-in-charlottesville/2017/08/12/155fb636-7f13-11e7-83c7 5bd5460f0d7e_story.html
Jones, Janelle, Schmitt, John and Valerie Wilson, (2018), “50 Years After the Kerner Commission”, Economic Policy Institute, February 26.
Jones, Seth G. (2018), “The Rise of Far-Right Extremism in the United States”, csis, November 7, 2018, at Available at https://www.csis.org/analysist/rise/far-right-extremism-united-states
Joseph, Peniel E. (2009), “The Black Power Movement: A state of the Field”, The Journal of American History, Volume 96, Issue 3, December 2009, Pp751–776.
Lerner, Michael (2017), “Overcoming Trump-ism: A New Strategy for Progressives”, Tikkun, Volume 32, Issue 1, Winter
Lind, Dara and Nicholas Kristof, (2018), “Donald Trump Long History of Racism, From the 1970s to 2018”, Available at: https://www.vox.com/jan14, 2018
Luttig, Matthew D, Federico Christopher M. and Howard Lavine (2017), “Suporters and Opponents of Donald Trump Respond Differnly to Racial Cues: An Experimental Analysis”, Research & Politics, Vol 4.
Kazin, Michael (2016), “Trump and American Populism, Old Whine, New Bottles”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 95, No.6, November/December, Available at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2016-10-06/trump-and-american-populism
Menasce, Juliana Horowitz, Anna Brown and Kianna Cox (2019), “Race in Anerica 2019”, www.pewresearchecenter.org, April 1.
 Nye, Joseph (2018), “Donald Trump and the Decline of U.S Soft Power”, Available at:  https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/donald-trump-decline-us-soft-power/
Posner, Sarah, Neiwert, David (2017), “How Trump Took Hate Groups Mainstream", Available at: https://www.motherjones.com
Schaffner, Brian F., Nteta, Tatishe M, and Matthew Macwilliams (2016), “Explaining White Polarization in the 2016 Vote for President: The Sobering Role of Racism abd Sexism, paper prepared for Presentation at the Conference on the U.S. Election of 2016: Domestic and International Aspects”, January 8-9, 2017, IDC Herzliya Campus, Available at:
https://peopele.umass.edu/schaffe/schaffner_at_al_IDC_Conference.pdf
Smelser, Neil J. Wilson, W. and Mitchell, F. (2001), “America, Becoming Racial Trends and Their Consequences”, National Research Council, Vol. I Paperback
Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2018), “Trumps Trade Confusion”, Available at: www.project-syndicate.org/Apr 5
Toobin, Jeffrey (2018), “Will The Fervor to Impeach Donald Trump Start a Democratic Civil War?”, Available at:
www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/05/28
Zakaria, Fareed (2019), “The Self-Destruction of American Power, Washington Squandered the Unipolar Moment”, Available at: